Flooding and its damages are not only found uplift water level in a region. In other words, the depth and speed parameters together have determining the level of flood risk at each point. This subject is visible in flooded plain with low height and high speed of 2 meters per second, which damages are extensive. According to the criteria of having both velocity and flow depth in the governing equation to the flows energy, this equation seems appropriate to analysis in this study. Various methods have been proposed for increase accuracy in flood zoning with different return periods and risks associated with it in land border of river. For example, some of these methods are considered factors such as analysis of past flooding in the area affected by floods, hydrological factors and consideration of hydraulic elements affecting in flood zoning (such as flow velocity). This paper investigates the effect of flood zoning by the energy flow in the areas affected by floods. Also risk due to flood based on energy flow in each section of the river is compared by the proposed graphs of hazard interval and other done flood zoning in this field. In this study, the FORDO river has been selected as the case study. This river is part of the rivers located in the city of QOM KAHAK. The characteristics of river in upstream and downstream are mountain, young and stable and adult, respectively. Also this river in different seasons is exposed the flood damage. The proposed method in this study can be improving recognition accuracy of flood risk in areas affected by flood. Also, this method facilitate the identify parts of the river bed, that is affected by severe flooding, for decision making to improve rivers organizing.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds made up of two or more fused benzene rings in linear, angular or cluster arrangements. The PAHs are formed by incomplete combustion or high temperature pyrolytic process involving organic matter. Thirty sampling sites were selected to characterize the PAHs concentrations in ambient air in Tehran. Sixteen PAHs were measured simultaneously in particles phase of urban area in Tehran’s atmosphere. In order to understand the distribution of PAHs at Tehran area, 1-year sampling program was undertaken. A Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for Mapping and analyzing Geographic phenomenon that exist and events that occur on Earth. Several efforts have been made for Mapping PAHs related pollution and determining pollution patterns in urban areas using GIS. This study revealed that most concentration of cancerous PAHs compounds was found in district 16 (950.47 ng/m3) and lowest concentration in district 2 (19.59 ng/m3).

One of the parts of land cover is the vegetation cover. The changes in land cover are due to man-made of natural with the time. The vegetation indices are used in remote sensing for long time to monitor changes in vegetation. Remotely sensed data is considered as an important source of information. For particular area, the vegetation can be considered as a source to collect information about soil, or water table, and to delineate potential zone of ground water. Landsat 7 image is used to identify the land cover and to monitor the vegetation indices in the area under investigation. There are many indices in remote sensing. In this paper I used NDVI and SAVI for the study region and I produce Maps for these two indices using ArcGIS 10.2.2 software.

Weed survey of irrigated wheat fields is the most important practice in weed management. Based on cultivation area in all counties of Tehran province during six years (2000-2005), 61 sample wheat fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude were recorded using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that flixweed (Descurainia Sophia [L.] Schur.), knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.), few-flowered fumitory (Fumaria vaillantii Loisel.) and catchweed (Galium aparine L.) were dominante broadleaf species in irrigated wheat fields of Tehran province. Dominant grass weed species were winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu.), wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch.) and Feral rye (Secale cereale L.). Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense [L.] Scop.) and hoary cress (Cardaria draba [L.] Desv.) were the most important disturbing plants prior to harvesting in irrigated wheat fields of Tehran province.

Weed survey of irrigated Barley fields is the most important practice in weed management. Based on cultivation area in all cities of West Azerbaijan province during three years (2008- 2010) 32 sample barely fields were selected and weed species were counted in each sampling point and population indices were calculated. In each field longitude, latitude and altitude from sea level were recorded using GPS. These data were used for producing weed maps using GIS. Results showed that in barley fields of west Azerbaijan province there were 38 weed species from 15 families. The results indicated that Galium aparine, Polygonum aviculare, and Chenopodium album were dominant broadleaf species in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan. Dominant grass weed species were Avena ludoviciana and Secale cereale. Convolvulus arvensis, Acroptilon repens, Cardaria draba Were the most important disturbing plants prior to harvesting in irrigated barely fields of W. Azerbaijan province.

The patterns of Geographic distribution of C3 and C4 species of the family Chenopodiaceae have been analyzed in Iran, using a database of 11151 georeferenced records. The members of Chenopodiaceae family with 45 genera and 204 species are widely distributed in Iran. There they show a ratio of about 2:1 between C4 and C3 species. All available data were organized in MS access database, and analyzed in point-to-grid analysis tool of DIVA-GIS software, using 10´10 km grid cells and the circular neighborhood option. The highest species numbers, with a peak at 83 per grid unit, occur in Tehran, Semnan, and East Azerbaijan provinces but the density of records is extremely uneven. Consequently, the same areas also are the hot spots of both C4 and C3 species. The comparison between the distribution patterns of carbon isotope composition ( δ13C) values of species and the annual precipitation gradient map represents that C4 Chenopods are well adapted to regions with high degree of aridity and low precipitation.

Preparing a flood susceptibility map is necessary and the first step in reducing the damage caused by floods. Due to a lack of information in most of the basins, many researches uses data mining techniques for hydrological studies, especially floods. The aim study is to identify areas with flood susceptibility using a support vector machine (SVM) in the Nekaroud basin. For this purpose, 12 geomorphologic, hydrological and physiographic parameters including slope, aspect, elevation classes, temperature, land use, rainfall, density and distance from the fault, density and distance from the drainages, density and distance from the road, which are provided in the ArcGIS, SAGA GIS and ENVI software’ s environments. The GPS device was also used to acquire flood points. Finally, all variables and flood points were entered into the R software in ASCII format with the same pixel size (12. 5 m). To evaluate model accuracy, ROC was used in the R software environment. The results of the evaluation showed that the SVM model has good accuracy in identifying flood susceptibility areas in the study area. In addition, the results of this study showed that flood susceptibility areas are more in the northern and northwest regions of the basin and in portions where the concentration of human settlements is higher, while the central regions of the basin with dense vegetation have a low sensitivity to flooding. The results of this study can help planners and researchers to do appropriate actions to prevent and reduce future flood risks. It can also be used to identify suitable and safe areas for construction development.

Crime is one of the important issues in societies, especially in large cities. The crime control and prevention require the use of citizen’s potentials and capacity in the form of participatory policing. Accordingly, a combination of the citizens’ participation and the police activities with the objective of solving the crime problem and establishing security in the society would be effective. Using Web GIS and citizen-based information systems can facilitate citizens’ participation in crime Mapping, analysis, decision making and management for the purpose of crime control and prevention. ...

The understanding of inland wetlands’ distribution and their level of vulnerability is important to enhance management and conservation efforts. The aim of the study was to map inland wetlands and assess their distribution pattern and vulnerability to natural and human disturbances such as climate change (temperature increase) and human activities by the year 2080. Inland wetland types i. e. forested/shrub, emergent and open water bodies were classified and mapped using maximum likelihood standard algorithm. The spatial distribution pattern of inland wetlands was examined using average nearest neighbor analysis. A weighted geospatial vulnerability analysis was developed using variables such as roads, land cover/ land use (developed and agricultural areas) and climate data (temperature) to predict potentially vulnerable inland wetland types. Inland wetlands were successfully classified and mapped with overall accuracy of about 73 percent. Clustered spatial distribution pattern was found among all inland wetland types with varied degree of clustering. The study found about 13 percent of open water bodies, 11 percent of forested/shrub and 7 percent of emergent wetlands potentially most vulnerable to human and natural stressors. This information could be used to improve wetland planning and management by wetland managers and other stakeholders.